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Daily lessons in long-term investing

Plain-English lessons on judging businesses, reading annual reports and staying patient — 370 articles and counting, a new one most mornings. Educational only: none of these is a research report or a recommendation.

Familiarity Bias and Home-Country Bias: How Huberman (2001) and French & Poterba (1991) Explain Why 99% of Indian Retail Portfolios Stay Inside India

An investor in Mumbai who buys only Mumbai-listed equities, who concentrates 18% of his portfolio in his employer’s shares, who has never opened a Liberalised Remittance…

Graham Number: Benjamin Graham 1949 Intrinsic-Value Formula √(22.5 × EPS × BVPS)

Among India’s 11 crore registered equity investors as of early 2026, fewer than one in fifty can write down Benjamin Graham’s square-root intrinsic-value formula from memory.…

Authority Bias: Stanley Milgram’s 1961 Yale Obedience Experiment and Why Indian Investors Hand Their Wealth to TV Stock Pickers

If you have ever bought a stock within ten minutes of a celebrity portfolio manager naming it on a business-news channel, you have not made a…

Hyperbolic Discounting: Strotz (1956) & Laibson’s (1997) Bias Behind Why Indian SIP Investors Quit at Month 21

Hyperbolic discounting describes the empirically robust finding that humans value a reward today disproportionately more than a reward tomorrow, but value a reward 365 days from…

Chairperson Independence: SEBI LODR Regulation 17(1B) and Companies Act Section 149(6) Test

The Securities and Exchange Board of India introduced a quiet but seismic governance reform on 1 April 2022 through an amendment to the Listing Obligations and…

Bird in Hand vs Two in the Bush: Warren Buffett’s 2000 Berkshire Letter Reading of Aesop

Every Indian investor who has ever tried to value a stock has at some point reached for a DCF spreadsheet, plugged in growth rates and terminal…

Director Remuneration as a Percentage of PAT: The Companies Act Section 197 Governance Test Every Indian Long-Term Investor Must Master

Director remuneration is the total cash and non-cash compensation — basic salary, commission, perquisites, ESOPs, retirement benefits, sitting fees and any other payment — that a…

Time Arbitrage: Why Stretching Your Holding Period to Five and Ten Years Is the Single Greatest Edge a Private Indian Investor Has Over Institutional Money

Ask a fund manager what edge he has over the index, and you will hear the usual answers — better research, deeper models, faster information. Ask…

The Halo Effect: Thorndike’s 1920 Discovery and Phil Rosenzweig’s 2007 Warning

Every quarter, a particular kind of stock idea sweeps through Indian WhatsApp investor groups. The CEO gave a magnetic CNBC-TV18 interview. The promoter is a Padma…

10-Year Revenue CAGR: The Foundational Top-Line Compounding Test Every Indian Long-Term Investor Must Master

SEBI’s landmark 2024 study revealed that 9 out of 10 retail traders in equity Futures & Options lose money — a cumulative ₹1.81 lakh crore destroyed…

The Planning Fallacy: Kahneman & Tversky’s 1979 Forecast Bias and Buehler-Griffin-Ross 1994 Discipline of Time-Cost-Risk Estimation

The Planning Fallacy is the systematic tendency of human beings to underestimate the time, cost, and risk of future actions while simultaneously overestimating the benefits of…

Reinvestment Rate: The Damodaran Formula That Reveals Whether a Company’s Growth Is Self-Sustaining

The Reinvestment Rate is the percentage of a company’s after-tax operating profit (NOPAT) that management ploughs back into the business in the form of net capex…

The Affect Heuristic: Slovic et al.’s 2002 Cognitive Shortcut Behind India’s ₹1.81 Lakh Crore F&O Loss Numbers

Pick a stock you “feel good” about. Pick a stock you “feel bad” about. Now ask yourself: did the feeling come before or after you looked…

Sales-to-Gross-Block Ratio: The Asset Productivity Test

The Sales-to-Gross-Block Ratio is an asset-efficiency measure. It tells you how many rupees of revenue a company has produced for every rupee of gross fixed assets…

The Framing Effect: Tversky & Kahneman’s 1981 ‘Asian Disease Problem’

If a fund is described as “90% of investors retain capital” you commit. If the same fund is described as “1 in 10 investors lose capital”…

Export Revenue Mix: The Geographic Diversification Test for Indian Small-Caps

The number of registered investors on the National Stock Exchange has crossed eleven crore in 2026, up from roughly three crore in 2020 — a 3.7x…

CWIP-to-Gross-Block Ratio: The Forward-Looking Capex Pipeline Marker That Reveals Whether Indian Companies Are Building Their Future or Stuck With Stranded Assets

Gross Block is the cumulative original cost of every item of property, plant and equipment a company has ever bought or built — buildings, machinery, vehicles,…

Opportunity Cost as Hurdle Rate: Charlie Munger’s ‘Best Available Alternative’ Test

One of the most repeated lines in Charlie Munger’s lifetime of public talks goes like this: “The first principle is that you have to ask yourself,…

CFO/EBITDA Ratio: The Operating-Cash Quality Test

The Securities and Exchange Board of India’s longitudinal study on the Futures & Options segment confirmed what disciplined long-term investors have suspected for years: roughly 9…

The Inevitables: Warren Buffett’s 1996 Letter Three-Tier Test of Business Predictability

Every Indian investor has heard the famous Buffett lines. The 20-punch card. Mr. Market. The favourite holding period being forever. These travel well — they survive…

The Illusion of Control: Ellen Langer’s 1975 Cognitive Bias That Powers ₹1.81 Lakh Crore of Indian F&O Losses

In 1975, Harvard psychologist Ellen J. Langer published a paper in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology with a deceptively simple title: “The Illusion of…

Other Income as a Percentage of PBT: The 30-Second Forensic Earnings-Quality Filter

The Securities and Exchange Board of India’s January 2024 study on individual traders in the equity Futures & Options segment is now the single most-cited statistic…

Economic Goodwill: Warren Buffett’s 1983 Berkshire Letter Appendix on the Real Source of Compounding

Accounting goodwill is the residual figure that lands on a balance sheet when one company pays more than fair book value to acquire another. It is…

The Gambler’s Fallacy and Hot-Hand Fallacy: Tversky, Kahneman & Gilovich on the Misperception of Random Sequences

The gambler’s fallacy is the belief that an independent random event is “due” because it has not happened recently. After ten coin flips landing on heads,…

The securities quoted in these articles are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related documents carefully before investing.